Association between contextual factors and coverage of the Acwy meningococcal vaccine, after three years of its overdue, in the vaccination calendar of adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: global space regressions.

The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage of bacterial meningitis vaccine: A, C, W and Y (menacwy) and identify the association between socioeconomic and social environment factors with menacwy vaccine coverage among adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. This is an ecological, mixed study, conducted with secondary data from the 853 municipalities of the State of MG, Brazil, from 2020 to 2022, provided by the information system of the National Immunization Program. For spatial statistical analysis, spatial dependence and the presence of spatial clusters formed by municipalities with high and low vaccination coverage of Menacwy were evaluated. In the year 2021, MG presented the largest vaccination coverage (60.58%) since the introduction of the Menacwy vaccine by the PNI. Regarding the analysis of global regressions, it is observed that for the year 2020, as the MG Index of Social Responsibility-Health increased and MG Index of Social Responsibility-Public Security increased, increased the vaccination coverage of the municipalities of the Menacwy vaccine. Finally, compared to 2021, similar association was observed in relation to the proportion of the population served by the Family Health Strategy of the municipalities of the state of MG and per capita spending on education activities: as this indicator increased, with increased coverage of the Vaccine of the Menacwy vaccine of the state municipalities. They reinforce the importance of assessing the quality-of-care management and health surveillance system, professional training, and damage reduction to populations, especially adolescents.

Temporal and spatial distribution trends of polio vaccine coverage in less than one-year old children in Brazil, 2011-2021.

BACKGROUND: Low polio vaccine coverage can result in the spread of Poliovirus to areas free from viral circulation. This study analyzed the temporal trends and spatial distribution of polio vaccine coverage in one year-old children in Brazil, between 2011 and 2021. METHODS: This was an ecological, time-series study (2011 to 2021) with annual vaccine coverages against poliomyelitis, extracted from the Information System of the National Immunization Program from the 26 States and the Distrito Federal (DF). The percentage reductions in vaccination coverage in Brazil and in the Regions were calculated. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyze time series for the Regions and States, and spatial analysis identified the distribution of clusters (high-high; low-low; high-low and low-high) of vaccination coverages across Brazilian municipalities, using a 5% significance level. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2021, the coverage of polio vaccines decreased by 29,9%. There was a progressive increase observed in clusters resulting in low vaccination coverages (140 low-low Brazilian municipalities in 2011 vs. 403 in 2021), mostly reported in the North and Northeast regions of the country. There was a downward trend in vaccination coverages in 24 of the 26 States and DF (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in polio vaccine coverage, as observed in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, may favor the spread of Poliovirus. Therefore, vaccination strategies should be prioritized for children residing in areas with sharp and recurrent declines in vaccination coverages, including travelers, migrants, and refugees.

[Transmission risk classification for vaccine-preventable diseases in Minas Gerais, Brazil: two years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em Minas Gerais, Brasil: dois anos desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19.

The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.

O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em Minas Gerais, Brasil: dois anos desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19 / Transmission risk classification for vaccine-preventable diseases in Minas Gerais, Brazil: two years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Abstract The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.

The imbalance in the relationship between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines during gestational toxoplasmosis can be harmful to fetuses: A systematic review.

Objective: To evaluate the available information on inflammatory and regulatory plasma mediators in pregnant women (PW) diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Source: The PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Lilacs databases were evaluated until October 2022. Study eligibility criteria: This review was carried out following the PRISMA and registered on the PROSPERO platform (CRD42020203951). Studies that reported inflammatory mediators in PW with toxoplasmosis were considered. Evaluation methods: After excluding duplicate articles, two authors independently carried out the process of title and abstract exclusion, and a third resolved disagreements when necessary. The full text was evaluated to detect related articles. The extraction table was built from the following data: Author, year of publication, journal name and impact factors, country, study design, number of gestations and maternal age (years), gestational period, diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, levels of inflammatory markers, laboratory tests, and clinical significance. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Results: Of the 1,024 studies reported, only eight were included. Of the 868 PW included in this review, 20.2% were IgM+/IgG- and 50.8% were IgM-/IgG+ to T. gondii, and 29.0% uninfected. Infected PW presented higher plasma levels ofIL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, CCL5, and IL-10. Regarding the methodological quality, four studies obtained high quality. Data from this review pointed out the maintenance of the inflammatory pattern during pregnancy with a closely related to the parasite. Conclusion: Immune status in PW defined the course of the T. gondii infection, where the equilibrium between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines mitigated the harmful placenta and fetus effects. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420203951.

Impacts of pandemic covid-19 on dental urgencies in primary health care: an ecological study / Impactos da pandemia da covid-19 nos atendimentos a urgências odontológicas na atenção primária à saúde: um estudo ecológico

INTRODUCTION: After the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, oral health care in Primary Health Care (PHC) services in Brazil focused on emergency care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the number of emergency dental visits in PHC in Brazil. METHODS: This was an analytical and ecological study with data from the Health Information System for Primary Care referring to the number of attendances performed from March to December 2018 to 2020 in PHC services throughout Brazil for toothache, abscess, and dentoalveolar trauma. Differences between the monthly medians of the number of attendances before the pandemic (April to December 2018 and 2019) and during (April to December 2020) were analyzed using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test considering the interquartile ranges (IQR). RESULTS: Approximately 14 million cases were analyzed, with almost one-third of them occurring during the pandemic. There was a reduction in the median of the monthly number of emergency department visits in Brazil (-16.5%; p<0.031). Attendances for toothache reduced from a monthly median of 448,802.0 to 377,941.5 (IQR before [IQRa]: 416,291.7-506,150.5; IQR during [IQRd]: 310,251.0-454,206.5), dentoalveolar abscess attendances reduced from 34,929.0 to 27,705.5 (IQRa: 30,215.0-37,870.5; IQRd: 22,216.0-30,048.2) and to dentoalveolar trauma from 16,330.5 to 10,975.0 (IQRa: 14,800.0-18,472.7; IQRd: 8,111.2-13,527.5). CONCLUSION: Significant reductions were observed in the performance of emergency dental procedures in PHC during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUÇÃO: Após a instalação da pandemia da Covid-19, a atenção em saúde bucal nos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil se concentrou nos atendimentos de urgência. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 no número de atendimentos a urgências odontológicas na APS no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo analítico e ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica referentes ao número de atendimentos realizados de março a dezembro de 2018 a 2020 nos serviços de APS de todo o Brasil para dor de dente, abscesso e traumatismo dentoalveolares. Diferenças entre as medianas do número de atendimentos mensais antes da pandemia (abril a dezembro de 2018 e 2019) e durante (abril a dezembro de 2020) foram analisadas usando o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney U para amostras independentes considerando os intervalos interquartílicos (IIQ). RESULTADOS: Foram analisados aproximadamente 14 milhões de atendimentos, sendo quase um terço deles ocorridos durante a pandemia. Houve redução na mediana do número mensal de atendimentos a urgências no Brasil (-16,5%; p<0,031). Atendimentos a dor de dente reduziram de uma mediana mensal de 448.802,0 para 377.941,5 (IIQ antes [IIQa]: 416.291,7-506.150,5; IIQ durante [IIQd]: 310.251,0-454.206,5), atendimentos de abscesso dentoalveolar reduziram de 34.929,0 para 27.705,5 (IIQa: 30.215,0-37.870,5; IIQd: 22.216,0-30.048,2) e a traumatismos dentoalveolares de 16.330,5 para 10.975,0 (IIQa: 14.800,0-18.472,7; IIQd: 8.111,2-13.527,5). CONCLUSÃO: Foram observadas reduções significativas na realização de procedimentos odontológicos de urgência na APS durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

COVID-19 pandemic impact on follow-up of child growth and development in Brazil.

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the primary health care (PHC) services to follow-up the child growth and development (CGD) in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data related visits to assess the growth and development of children up to five years between Apr-2017 to Mar-2021. Differences between monthly rate of visits (per thousand inhabitants up to five) during the pandemic (Apr-2020 to Mar-2021) and before (Apr-2017 to Mar-2020) were analyzed using paired t test and control diagrams (averages ± 1.96 standard deviation). Results: A total of 39,599,313 visits for monitoring CGD was studied. The average monthly rate of visits dropped from 61.34 (per thousand) before the pandemic to 39.70 in the first 12 months of the pandemic (p < 0.001). In all states, except Rio Grande do Sul, there was a significant reduction, with differences ranging from -14.21% in São Paulo to -59.66% in Ceará. The Northeast region was the most impacted, being lower than expected in all 12 first months of pandemic. Conclusions: The number of visits to follow-up the CGD in PHC in Brazil decreased during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, varying over the months and between states and regions.

Diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis em gestantes nos serviços de Atenção Básica / Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women at the services of Primary Care

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as condições dos serviços de Atenção Básica (AB) brasileiros quanto a disponibilidade de testes rápidos (TR) para o diagnóstico precoce e de Benzilpenicilina (BZP) para o tratamento das gestantes com sífilis. Estudo transversal com dados dos serviços de AB que participaram do Programa de Melhoria da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. Os serviços que não dispunham de TR sempre disponível ou não dispunham de BZP em quantidade suficiente foram categorizados como "inadequados" e aqueles que dispunham de TR sempre disponível e de BZP em quantidade suficiente, como "adequados". Foi realizada análise bivariada e estimados os Odds ratios com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95%. A amostra incluiu 20.286 serviços de AB de todas as regiões do país. A prevalência de serviços com condições inadequadas para diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis foi de 47,7%. A região Centro-Oeste e as cidades que não eram capitais apresentaram maiores prevalências de serviços de AB com condições inadequadas para diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis em gestantes (p<0,05). Diferenças regionais e de localização dos serviços de AB impactam na disponibilidade de TR e de BZP.

Abstract The aim of this article is to evaluate the conditions of Primary Care (PC) services in Brazil as regards the availability of quick tests (QTs) for early diagnoses and of Benzylpenicillin (BZP) for the treatment of pregnant women with syphilis. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted with data from PC services that participated in the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB, in Portuguese). The services where QTs were not readily available or where BZP was not available in a sufficient quantity were categorized as "inadequate", while those where the QTs were readily available and BZP was found in sufficient quantities were categorized as "adequate". A bivariate analysis and Odds Ratio (OR) estimates, together with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI), were performed. The sample included 20,286 PC services from regions throughout the country. The prevalence of services with inadequate conditions for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis was 47.7%. The Midwest region and non-capital cities presented the highest prevalence rates for PC services with inadequate conditions for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women (p<0.05). Differences in the regions and locations of the PC services impact the availability of QTs and BZP.

Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women at the services of Primary Care. / Diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis em gestantes nos serviços de Atenção Básica.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the conditions of Primary Care (PC) services in Brazil as regards the availability of quick tests (QTs) for early diagnoses and of Benzylpenicillin (BZP) for the treatment of pregnant women with syphilis. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted with data from PC services that participated in the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB, in Portuguese). The services where QTs were not readily available or where BZP was not available in a sufficient quantity were categorized as "inadequate", while those where the QTs were readily available and BZP was found in sufficient quantities were categorized as "adequate". A bivariate analysis and Odds Ratio (OR) estimates, together with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI), were performed. The sample included 20,286 PC services from regions throughout the country. The prevalence of services with inadequate conditions for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis was 47.7%. The Midwest region and non-capital cities presented the highest prevalence rates for PC services with inadequate conditions for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women (p<0.05). Differences in the regions and locations of the PC services impact the availability of QTs and BZP.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as condições dos serviços de Atenção Básica (AB) brasileiros quanto a disponibilidade de testes rápidos (TR) para o diagnóstico precoce e de Benzilpenicilina (BZP) para o tratamento das gestantes com sífilis. Estudo transversal com dados dos serviços de AB que participaram do Programa de Melhoria da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. Os serviços que não dispunham de TR sempre disponível ou não dispunham de BZP em quantidade suficiente foram categorizados como "inadequados" e aqueles que dispunham de TR sempre disponível e de BZP em quantidade suficiente, como "adequados". Foi realizada análise bivariada e estimados os Odds ratios com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95%. A amostra incluiu 20.286 serviços de AB de todas as regiões do país. A prevalência de serviços com condições inadequadas para diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis foi de 47,7%. A região Centro-Oeste e as cidades que não eram capitais apresentaram maiores prevalências de serviços de AB com condições inadequadas para diagnóstico e tratamento da sífilis em gestantes (p<0,05). Diferenças regionais e de localização dos serviços de AB impactam na disponibilidade de TR e de BZP.

Covid-19 pandemic impacts on follow-up of child growth and development.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the use of primary health care services to follow-up the child growth and development in Brazil. METHOD: A total of 7.9 million consultations of children (0-2 years old) across Brazil between March 2017 and May 2020 were studied. Differences between medians were analyzed using non-parametric tests, the Global Moran Index (IGM) and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association. RESULTS: During the initial period of the pandemic, the median number of consultations was significantly lower than the same period in previous years, reducing more than 50%. The drop in 2020, compared to 2019, ranged from 49% to 62.2% across all regions of the country, except the South. The percentage reduction registered in 2019-2020 showed significant spatial autocorrelation (IGM = 0.20; p = 0.04), with the presence of low-low (states with reduction between 29% and 51%) and high-high (states with reduction between 55% and 69%) spatial clusters. CONCLUSION: The covid-19 pandemic impacted the follow-up of child growth and development in primary health care services in Brazil, with a geographically uneven reduction.

Yellow fever vaccination before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological, time series study based on data from the National Immunization Program. Differences between the median number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered in Brazil and in its regions before (from April/2019 to March/2020) and after (from April/2020 to March/2021) the implementation of social distancing measures in the country were assessed via the Mann-Whitney test. Prais-Winsten regression models were used for time series analyses. RESULTS: We found a reduction in the median number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered in Brazil and in its regions: North (-34.71%), Midwest (-21.72%), South (-63.50%), and Southeast (-34.42%) (p < 0.05). Series showed stationary behavior in Brazil and in its five regions during the covid-19 pandemic (p > 0.05). Brazilian states also showed stationary trends, except for two states which recorded an increasing trend in the number of administered yellow fever vaccine doses, namely: Alagoas State (before: ß = 64, p = 0.081; after: ß = 897, p = 0.039), which became a yellow fever vaccine recommendation zone, and Roraima State (before: ß = 68, p = 0.724; after: ß = 150, p = 0.000), which intensified yellow fever vaccinations due to a yellow fever case confirmation in a Venezuelan State in 2020. CONCLUSION: The reduced number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil may favor the reemergence of urban yellow fever cases in the country.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Brazil.

Objective: To analyze the number of applied HPV vaccine doses before (from April 2019 to March 2020) and after (from April 2020 to September 2020) social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in states and regions of Brazil. Methods: Ecological time-series study, using data from the Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI). Using the Mann-Whitney test, we evaluated the difference between the median number of applied doses during the periods April 2019 to March 2020 and from April 2020 to September 2020. Spatial analysis identified clusters with a high or low percentage reduction in the median applied doses. Prais-Winsten regression models identified temporal trends in the applieddoses from both periods. Results: There was a significant reduction in the median HPV vaccine doses applied, formation of spatial clusters and, after a sharp drop in the number of applieddoses during the months following social distancing. There was a tendency to increase the applied vaccines doses. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in reduction of the number of HPV vaccine doses applied as a possible effect of restrictive measures caused by the pandemic.

Prevalência de indicadores de saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes brasileiros: análise comparativa da pesquisa nacional de saúde do escolar 2015 e 2019 / Prevalencia de indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes brasileños: análisis comparativo de la encuesta nacional de salud escolar 2015 y 2019 / Prevalence of brazilian adolescents' sexual and reproductive health indicators: a comparative analysis of the 2015 and 2019 national school health survey

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar estimativas de prevalência de indicadores de saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes brasileiros que participaram das edições 2015 e 2019 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Método: estudo transversal que analisou dados de adolescentes escolares de 13 a 17 anos de idade respondentes da PeNSE 2015 e 2019. Estimou-se a prevalência dos indicadores com intervalos de 95% de confiança de acordo com o sexo, a faixa etária, a dependência administrativa da escola e a região. Resultados: destaca-se o aumento da prevalência de iniciação sexual precoce entre os mais novos, 171,2% entre os meninos e 425,2% entre as meninas. Também houve aumento da prevalência de gravidez na adolescência nas regiões Nordeste (376,9%) e Sudeste (416,6%), entre as mais jovens. Entre os adolescentes de 16 e 17 anos, houve redução do uso de preservativo na última relação e aumento na prevalência de recebimento de orientações sobre prevenção de gravidez e sobre HIV/Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, entre os estudantes de escolas públicas. Houve redução na prevalência de acesso a essas orientações nas escolas privadas entre os mais jovens. Em 2019, observou-se redução no uso de pílulas anticoncepcionais entre as adolescentes mais novas das regiões Norte, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Conclusão: houve piora na prevalência dos comportamentos sexuais de risco em adolescentes brasileiros, incluindo o aumento da gravidez em algumas regiões do país. Ressalta-se a importância da cooperação entre os serviços de saúde e de educação, que devem estar alinhados para promover melhores hábitos de vida, destacando os de saúde sexual e reprodutiva entre os jovens.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar las estimaciones de prevalencia de los indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes brasileños que participaron en las ediciones 2015 y 2019 de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE). Método: estudio transversal que analizó los datos de los adolescentes escolares de 13 a 17 años encuestados en la PeNSE 2015 y 2019. La prevalencia de los indicadores se estimó con intervalos de confianza del 95% según el sexo, el grupo de edad, la dependencia administrativa del centro escolar y la región. Resultados: Se distingue el aumento de la prevalencia de la iniciación sexual precoz, entre los más jóvenes, 171,2% entre los chicos y 425,2% entre las chicas. También hubo aumento de la prevalencia de embarazo en la adolescencia en las regiones Nordeste (376,9%) y Sudeste (416,6%), entre los más jóvenes. Entre los adolescentes de 16 y 17 años, hubo reducción del uso del preservativo en la última relación y aumento en la prevalencia de recibir orientación sobre prevención de embarazo y sobre VIH/infecciones sexualmente transmisibles, entre los alumnos de escuelas públicas. La prevalencia del acceso a esta orientación en las escuelas privadas se redujo entre los más jóvenes. En 2019, se redujo el uso de píldoras anticonceptivas entre los adolescentes más jóvenes de las regiones Norte, Sureste y Centro-Oeste. Conclusión: hubo un empeoramiento de la prevalencia de los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en los adolescentes brasileños, incluyendo un aumento de los embarazos en algunas regiones del país. Se destaca la importancia de la cooperación entre los servicios sanitarios y educativos, que deben estar alineados, para promover mejores hábitos de vida, destacando los de salud sexual y reproductiva entre los jóvenes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare prevalence estimates of sexual and reproductive health indicators among Brazilian adolescents who participated in the 2015 and 2019 editions of the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, PeNSE). Method: a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from in-school adolescents aged from 13 to 17 years old who answered the 2015 and 2019 editions of PeNSE. Prevalence of the indicators was estimated with 95% confidence intervals according to gender, age group, the school's administrative system and region. Results: the increase in the prevalence of early initiation of sexual activity stands out among the youngest adolescents: 171.2% in the boys and 452.2% in the girls. An increase in the prevalence of teenage pregnancy was also recorded in the Northeast (376.9%) and Southeast (416.6%) regions in the youngest subjects. Among the in-school adolescents aged 16 and 17 from public institutions there was a reduction in condom use in the last intercourse and an increase in the prevalence of receiving guidelines on pregnancy prevention and about HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections. There was a reduction in the prevalence of access to these guidelines in private schools among the youngest students. In 2019, a reduction in the use of contraceptive pills was observed among the youngest female adolescents from the North, Southeast and Midwest regions. Conclusion: the prevalence of risk sexual behaviors worsened among Brazilian adolescents, including an increase in the number of pregnancies in some regions of the country. The importance of cooperation between the health and education services is emphasized, which should be aligned to promote better life habits, with those related to sexual and reproductive health among young people standing out.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination against meningococcal C infection in Brazil.

Objective: Analyzing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on meningococcal C conjugate vaccination in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study, based on interrupted time series, carried out with data collected through the Information System of the National Immunization Program (IS-NIP). Collected data refer to the number of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine doses administered from March 2019 to December 2020. Results: In total, 14,832,054 meningococcal C conjugate vaccine doses were administered throughout the investigated period; 66.30% of them, from March 2019 to February 2020 and 33.70%, from March to December 2020. Statistically significant steps were observed, i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impact on the number of MenC vaccine doses administered in the North and South regions (26,98% and 41.47%, respectively) and in the eleven Brazilian States. Conclusion: The current study has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impact on the number of MenC vaccine doses administered in the Northern and Southern Brazil, and in eleven Brazilian states. Among all challenges experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, one finds reduced MenC vaccine coverage, which, consequently, may lead to increased meningococcal infection rates in Brazil.

Neonatal visits in the first week of life in primary care: low prevalence and related factors.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the prevalence of and factors related to access to neonatal consultation in the first week of life, in Brazil. METHODS: a secondary data analysis from a national cross-sectional survey involving 14,133 mothers from primary care services. Pearson chi-square was used to analyze the prevalence of access to appointment and Poisson regression to analyze related factors, considering prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: the prevalence of healthcare visits was 63.0% in Brazil. Children of mothers, aged 30-39 years (PR=1.065; CI=1.029-1.103), and of single mothers (PR=1.021; CI=1.00-1.042) had higher prevalence of access. Children from the northern region of Brazil had a lower prevalence of healthcare visits compared to children from other regions. CONCLUSIONS: low prevalence of access to neonatal visits was identified in the first week of life in primary care services; the region of residence, maternal age, and marital status were identified among the related factors.

Covid-19 pandemic impacts on follow-up of child growth and development

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the use of primary health care services to follow-up the child growth and development in Brazil. METHOD A total of 7.9 million consultations of children (0-2 years old) across Brazil between March 2017 and May 2020 were studied. Differences between medians were analyzed using non-parametric tests, the Global Moran Index (IGM) and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association. RESULTS During the initial period of the pandemic, the median number of consultations was significantly lower than the same period in previous years, reducing more than 50%. The drop in 2020, compared to 2019, ranged from 49% to 62.2% across all regions of the country, except the South. The percentage reduction registered in 2019-2020 showed significant spatial autocorrelation (IGM = 0.20; p = 0.04), with the presence of low-low (states with reduction between 29% and 51%) and high-high (states with reduction between 55% and 69%) spatial clusters. CONCLUSION The covid-19 pandemic impacted the follow-up of child growth and development in primary health care services in Brazil, with a geographically uneven reduction.

Yellow fever vaccination before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS This is an ecological, time series study based on data from the National Immunization Program. Differences between the median number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered in Brazil and in its regions before (from April/2019 to March/2020) and after (from April/2020 to March/2021) the implementation of social distancing measures in the country were assessed via the Mann-Whitney test. Prais-Winsten regression models were used for time series analyses. RESULTS We found a reduction in the median number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered in Brazil and in its regions: North (-34.71%), Midwest (-21.72%), South (-63.50%), and Southeast (-34.42%) (p < 0.05). Series showed stationary behavior in Brazil and in its five regions during the covid-19 pandemic (p > 0.05). Brazilian states also showed stationary trends, except for two states which recorded an increasing trend in the number of administered yellow fever vaccine doses, namely: Alagoas State (before: β = 64, p = 0.081; after: β = 897, p = 0.039), which became a yellow fever vaccine recommendation zone, and Roraima State (before: β = 68, p = 0.724; after: β = 150, p = 0.000), which intensified yellow fever vaccinations due to a yellow fever case confirmation in a Venezuelan State in 2020. CONCLUSION The reduced number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered during the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil may favor the reemergence of urban yellow fever cases in the country.

Neonatal visits in the first week of life in primary care: low prevalence and related factors / Consulta neonatal durante la primera semana de vida en la atención primaria: baja prevalencia y factores relacionados / Consulta neonatal na primeira semana de vida na atenção primária: baixa prevalência e fatores relacionados

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the prevalence of and factors related to access to neonatal consultation in the first week of life, in Brazil. Methods: a secondary data analysis from a national cross-sectional survey involving 14,133 mothers from primary care services. Pearson chi-square was used to analyze the prevalence of access to appointment and Poisson regression to analyze related factors, considering prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: the prevalence of healthcare visits was 63.0% in Brazil. Children of mothers, aged 30-39 years (PR=1.065; CI=1.029-1.103), and of single mothers (PR=1.021; CI=1.00-1.042) had higher prevalence of access. Children from the northern region of Brazil had a lower prevalence of healthcare visits compared to children from other regions. Conclusions: low prevalence of access to neonatal visits was identified in the first week of life in primary care services; the region of residence, maternal age, and marital status were identified among the related factors.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar la prevalencia y los factores relacionados de acceso a la consulta neonatal en la primera semana de vida en el Brasil. Métodos: análisis de datos secundarios de investigación nacional transversal con 14.133 madres que usan los servicios de atención primaria. Se utilizó qui-cuadrado de Pearson para analizar la prevalencia del acceso a la consulta y la regresión de Poisson para analizar los factores relacionados, considerando la razón de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: a prevalencia de acceso fue de 63,0% en Brasil. Hijos de madres con edad entre 30-39 años (RP=1,065; IC=1,029-1,103) y de madres solteras (RP=1,021; IC=1,00-1,042) tuvieron mayor prevalencia de acceso. Niños de la región Norte presentaron menor prevalencia de acceso en relación a los niños de las demás regiones. Conclusiones: identificamos baja prevalencia de acceso a la consulta neonatal en la primera semana de vida en los servicios de atención primaria y entre los factores relacionados, identificamos la región de residencia, la edad y el estado civil materno.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar a prevalência e fatores relacionados ao acesso à consulta neonatal na primeira semana de vida no Brasil. Métodos: análise de dados secundários de inquérito nacional transversal com 14.133 mães usuárias de serviços de atenção primária. Utilizou-se qui-quadrado de Pearson para analisar a prevalência de acesso a consulta e regressão de Poisson para analisar fatores relacionados, considerando razão de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: a prevalência de acesso foi de 63,0% no Brasil. Filhos de mães com idade entre 30-39 anos (RP=1,065; IC=1,029-1,103) e de mães solo (RP=1,021; IC=1,00-1,042) tiveram maior prevalência de acesso. Crianças da região Norte apresentaram menor prevalência de acesso em relação a crianças das demais regiões. Conclusões: identificamos baixa prevalência de acesso a consulta neonatal na primeira semana de vida nos serviços de atenção primária e, dentre os fatores relacionados, identificamos a região de residência e a idade e estado civil materno.

Number of doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine applied in Brazil before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Due to the social isolation measures adopted in an attempt to mitigate the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, there has been a reduction in vaccination coverage of children and adolescents in several countries and regions of the world. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the number of doses of vaccine against Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) applied before and after the beginning of mitigation measures due to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: The data collected refer to the number of doses of the MMR vaccine applied monthly to the target population residing in Brazil: cahildren, aged 12 months (first dose) and children, aged 9 years (second dose), from April 2019 to December 2020. Differences in MMR vaccine doses from April 2019 to March 2020 (before the start of mitigation measures) and April 2020 to September 2020 (after the start of the mitigation measures) were evaluated. Spatial analysis identified clusters with a high percentage of reduction in the median of applied doses no Brazil. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the median of doses applied in the Regions North (- 33.03%), Northeast (- 43.49%) and South (- 39.01%) e nos Estados Acre (- 48.46%), Amazonas (- 28.96%), Roraima (- 61.91%), Paraíba (- 41.58%), Sergipe (- 47.52%), Rio de Janeiro (-59.31%) and Santa Catarina (- 49.32) (p < 0.05). High-high type spatial clusters (reduction between 34.00 and 90.00%) were formed in the five regions of Brazil (Moran's I = 0.055; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: A reduction in the number of MMR vaccine doses was evidenced as a possible effect by the restrictive actions of COVID-19 in Brazil.

Factors associated with tetanus vaccination in pregnant women living in Minas Gerais State, Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Immunization in pregnant women is essential to help controlling and avoiding preventable diseases. Aim: Analyzing some factors associated with non-vaccination against tetanus in pregnant women who gave birth in maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with database deriving from the research titled "Born in Belo Horizonte: Survey on childbirth", which was developed in public and private hospitals. Sample was calculated by taking into consideration the total number of births recorded in each investigated maternity hospital - the final sample comprised 481 mothers. Descriptive population statistics were used for data analysis purposes, whereas Poisson regression model was used to estimate factors associated with non-vaccination against tetanus during pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of puerperal women subjected to at least 2 doses of tetanus vaccine reached 59.2%. Adjusted analyses have shown that not living with a partner has increased by 1.58 times the prevalence of women who did not take tetanus vaccine, on average; that the prevalence of women who were not vaccinated has decreased by 0.65 times after each prenatal consultation, on average; that prenatal consultations with nurses have reduced by 0.52 times the prevalence of women who did not take the tetanus vaccine, on average. Conclusion: Almost half of puerperal women were not vaccinated against tetanus during pregnancy. It is essential identifying specific groups to help implementing and expanding preventive actions, such as immunization for pregnant women. Despite advances in public health policies, authorities still face challenges to expand vaccination coverage in the investigated state, as well as to strengthen the national immunization program to help increasing tetanus vaccination rates among pregnant women.